Question for Drone

1. Getting started with the newbie.

A: First of all, according to personal hobbies, hands-on ability, financial level to do a self-evaluation, decided to start the direction of the aircraft model, such as fixed wing, straight machine, multi-axis, fixed-wing entry is relatively simple, straight machine is difficult, multi-axis due to flight control With the advancement of GPS stabilization technology, in the case of higher input, personal technical requirements are also lower. Aircraft model aircraft are different from toy airplanes and have higher risks. Please be cautious.

2. How high can the plane fly?

A: The height of the RC airplane should be determined according to its basic type and the material and power used. The flying altitude is generally 1000 meters. There is no problem at the flight altitude. The fixed wing > multi-axis > helicopter.

3. How far can the plane fly?

A: The flight distance of the aircraft is mainly determined by two factors. The energy and steerable distance of the aircraft is generally 0-20000 meters, but in most cases, everyone will fly within 500 meters, because the aircraft can be seen within this distance. attitude.

4. How much is the plane?

A: How much is the aircraft, mainly depends on the electronic power equipment used in the fuselage, a set of machines that do not contain the receiver to fly, to the common foam machine (1-1.4 m wingspan), the price is generally 300-800 Yuan; helicopter (450 level), the price is 1000-3000 yuan; multi-axis (four-axis 450 wheelbase), the price is generally 600-5000 yuan.

5. What type of power is the model?

A: The common power combination is generally a motor-driven propeller. The internal combustion engine drives the propeller with methanol or gasoline or other mixture as fuel, or the motor drives the ducted fan to form a high-speed airflow propulsion, or the combustion in the engine is pressurized to form a high-speed hot air flow propulsion. There is also the use of rubber band power, or no power gliding.

6. What is the simulator?

A: The simulator is a software program that simulates the reality of the aircraft model operation and the site environment, aircraft operation control, so that you can master the basic flight operations, such as throttle response size, rudder surface response, aircraft attitude response, etc. The simulators are generally PhoenixRC (commonly known as Phoenix), RealFlight G4. (commonly known as G4), Reflex XTR, FlyingModel Simulation, the daily online selling simulator is this, usually with a CD and a dongle (the simulator software has Confidentiality measures require decryption using a dongle, similar to a USB flash drive.

7. What is the remote control and receiver?

A: The RC airplane is required to be controlled by a device. This device is a remote control. The corresponding aircraft needs a device to receive commands from the remote control. This device is the receiver. The remote control communicates with the receiver via radio waves. The commonly used radio frequencies are 72Mhz and 2.4Ghz. The remote control can be used to set some flight parameters, such as: front and back of the throttle, sensitivity of the joystick, neutral position adjustment of the servo, function definition of the channel, time recording and reminder of the aircraft, setting of the lever function, and advanced mode of the aircraft. Returned battery voltage and current data and so on.

8. Remote control channel definition and requirements?

A: The remote control will have several channels of control, commonly known as several passes, such as the common world of flying 6, which is six channels.

A RC airplane, some of which are required to be controlled by a remote control. For example, power size control, commonly known as throttle, elevator, rudder, aileron, flap, landing gear, smoke extractor, lighting, etc., each project requires a separate channel for control, but some project control needs to be very precise and no Level operations, such as throttle, lifting, direction, aileron, some project control is fixed for several operations, such as flaps, landing gear, lighting, for the above remote control, there are rocker and lever respectively defined as the throttle, The lifting, direction, and ailerons are operated using a rocker, and the flaps, landing gear, lights, etc. are operated using a lever.

9. What is the difference and definition between Japanese hands and American hands?

A: Because the areas where the model aircraft activities were carried out earlier in Japan and North America, the function definitions of the four channels of the two joysticks in the controller are different in these two areas. Such as Japanese hand, left rocker: up and down elevator, left and right rudder; right rocker: up and down the throttle rudder, left and right is the aileron rudder. American hand, left rocker: up and down the throttle rudder, left and right rudder.

Right rocker: the upper and lower are the elevators, and the left and right are the aileron rudders. This is mainly based on personal preference, like driving, with left-handed steering gear, mainly in mainland China and North America, right-hand steering gear, major Commonwealth countries and some regions, such as the UK and Hong Kong. From a theoretical safety point of view, the northern hemisphere, the left rudder car is better, but more of the main problem is the habit of cultivation. The advantages and disadvantages of the American hand and the Japanese hand are usually in the operation of some extremely difficult movements, and there is a difference in the operation speed. Usually, the fixed-wing uses more Japanese hands, and the helicopter uses more American hands.

10. The choice and brand of the remote control?

A: The remote control is imported and domestically produced. There are Tiandifei, Huakeer and Foss in China. Futaba (Japan), JR (Japan), ROBBE (Germany) and Graupner (Germany) are imported. The early domestic electronic level is poor. The quality of the control is general, and the quality of the domestic control is also quite stable. The cost is very high. The remote control mainly pursues practical and stable. It is not suitable for excessively advanced design. The domestically produced world is flying. The six-day and nine-day Chinese interface is simple to operate and affordable. The receiver is also cheap, a set of remote control and receiver can be no more than 1,000 yuan, choose Futaba T8FG 14SG, JR 9X XG7XG11, the price set starts at 1500 or more, and the receiver is expensive. The novice flight model can fly six days, and then upgrade according to the needs of the aircraft you are playing. Usually fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters, most of them only need six channels to control, even the early four channels, namely throttle, aileron, Lifting, direction.

11. Type of aircraft model aircraft?

A: The types of aircraft that RC enthusiasts often play, according to the rotor wing fixed wing, helicopter, multi-axis three categories, as well as special effects, 3D, aerial photography, FPV, professional FIA SPORTING CODE for the aviation sports competition The code classification is divided into 17 CLASS levels. Each CLASS level has its own DISCIPLINES classification. The remote aerobatics is listed in the [F] level [3A] classification, which is called F3A. F3A is just a name, or says: It is the name of a subcommittee that belongs to the FAI. It regulates a set of remote control model aerobatics regulations, such as model machine body size, engine volume limit, machine weight limit, and so on. Every two years, this committee will appoint a country to host a worldwide competition, which is what the Chinese call the World Cup. In addition, FAI has a detailed definition of each stunt action, and clearly uses text narratives and graphical descriptions to illustrate the phenomena and scoring criteria of each stunt action.

12. What are the advantages and disadvantages of aircraft electric and oil?

Answer: Due to the insufficient energy density of the battery itself, the efficiency of the brush motor is low, which leads to the early use of methanol or gasoline engine in the aircraft model. With the advancement of the electro-tuning technology of the lithium-ion brushless motor, the motor is not inferior to the oil machine in terms of power and energy density. At the same time, the oil machine has high technical requirements for starting the ground adjustment machine, and the ground maintenance work is more and more dirty, and the motor structure is simple, clean and maintenance-free. Electric RC airplanes need to purchase the corresponding charger and battery as the aircraft power due to the use of the electric motor. At present, new models of aircraft models are basically recommended to enter electric.

13. What do you mean by 50CC 120CC?

A: This statement refers to the cylinder volume of the engine is 50 ml, 120 ml, and is usually analogous to the power of the engine or the size of the aircraft. Because the aircraft is more demanding on weight, basically how big the engine is. The 50CC fixed wing span is 2.4 meters.

14. Methanol and gasoline engines?

A: Both belong to the category of internal combustion engines, but the methanol machine is similar to the diesel engine in two strokes. The fuel consumption is large and the noise is large. The gasoline engine is four-stroke, and the fuel-saving noise is slightly smaller.

15. Brushed motor?

Answer: The brush motor has two parts: the stator and the rotor. The stator has magnetic poles (winding or permanent magnet). The rotor has windings. After energization, a magnetic field (magnetic pole) is also formed on the rotor. The magnetic pole between the stator and the rotor There is an angle that causes the motor to rotate under the mutual attraction of the stator's magnetic field (between the N and S poles). By changing the position of the brush, the angle of the stator pole can be changed (assuming the starting point of the magnetic pole of the stator, the other side of the magnetic pole of the rotor, the direction of the magnetic pole of the rotor pointing to the pole of the stator is the direction of rotation of the motor) The direction of the magnet, thus changing the direction of rotation of the motor. This brush is a brush, also known as a carbon brush. Disadvantages consume electricity, carbon brushes wear, bulky, short life.

16. Brushless motor:

Answer: The brushless motor also has a rotor and a stator. The rotor of the brushless motor is a permanent magnet magnetic steel. Together with the outer casing and the output shaft, the stator is a winding coil, and the brushless motor is used to alternately change the electromagnetic field. Therefore, it is called a brushless motor. By changing the alternating frequency and waveform of the current wave input to the stator coil of the brushless motor, a magnetic field is formed around the winding coil around the geometric axis of the motor. This magnetic field drives the rotor forever. When the magnetic magnetic steel rotates, the motor will turn. The performance of the motor is related to the number of magnetic steel, the magnetic flux strength of the magnetic steel, the input voltage of the motor, etc., and it has much to do with the control performance of the brushless motor, because the input is For direct current, the current needs an electronic governor to turn it into 3-phase AC. It also needs to receive control signals from the remote receiver to control the speed of the motor to meet the needs of the model. In general, the structure of the brushless motor is relatively simple, and the brushless electronic governor, commonly known as the ESC, is the one that really determines its performance. Advantages: long life, power saving, convenient maintenance, no need to replace the carbon brush.

17. What is the ESC?

Answer: Because the brushless motor cancels the carbon brush structure, it needs to replace the carbon function parts. This is the ESC. The ESC is responsible for converting the DC power to three-phase power and controlling the voltage and current according to the need to drive the brushless. The motor achieves the required speed output.

18. ESA of ESC?

Answer: The XXA, which is often said by ESC, refers to the current that ESC can stably adjust the output, such as 60A. That is, the maximum stable output is 60A ampere. Do not use it beyond the standard, which will cause the ESC to burn out.

19. What is the model number of the motor?

A: The motor model, each manufacturer has its own numbering rules, mainly KV value, motor code. Conventional models such as brushless motors 2212 2217 2208 22 refers to the diameter of the motor 12 17 08 refers to the length of the motor body Volume 2216 2212 2216 power is stronger than 2212, the specific values can refer to the official data of Langyu.

20. KV value?

Answer: It means adding one volt and increasing the motor speed. KV2000 means that the voltage is 10 volts, and the motor idling speed per minute is 20,000 rpm. The meaning of this parameter is: It can help you judge the characteristics of this motor. The KV high motor is violent, the internal resistance is small, the current is high, the power is high, the speed is fast, or the power that bursts out under the same voltage has a high limit speed. However, due to the design and material limitations of the motor itself, there will be a power upper limit. Generally speaking, the KV is high with a small high-speed paddle, and the KV is low with a large low-speed paddle. This is similar to driving, and the car feels the best when it is strong. Often the speed is relatively low.

21. Why is the difference between price and handling of RC helicopters and toy RC airplanes so large?

A: The several channels mentioned by the remote control toy airplane refer to controlling the forward and backward movement of the aircraft, up and down direction, and cannot be combined with multiple commands for precise control. It can only control the flight of the aircraft up and down and left and right; and the RC helicopter, said A channel refers to the number of channels that directly control an instruction. Each channel directly controls the corresponding steering gear, and the operational combination can control the aircraft to make complex acrobatic movements. Take the camera as an example. The toy remote control plane is like a point-and-shoot camera, lens, aperture, sightseeing, etc. The camera itself is set up for you, so you can't change the better lens, adjust the aperture of the detail, and sensitize. Degree, etc., you only need to press the shutter to focus, and the model helicopter is like a SLR camera. You can freely change the combination of the lens. You can also adjust the aperture manually. The sensitivity can also be used to shoot the effect you need. . The RC helicopter can complete the tumbling movements seen on the TV through exercises. The remote control toy airplane can only be moved forward and then lifted.

22. What is the material of the aircraft?

A: The aircraft is mainly composed of a fuselage bearing structure and power electronics. Common materials used in aircraft fuselage are divided into foaming, plastic, copper, iron, aluminum, carbon fiber, nylon, wood, glass steel and so on. Due to the extremely strict weight requirements of the aircraft, in order to reduce the weight of the fuselage, the fuselage is often reinforced with foam material supplemented with carbon fiber rods, or the outer skin of the balsa frame structure is also hollowed out, and KT plates and carbon are also adopted. The rod body and the like are not directly like the true body type. Just like the production of a kite, in addition to the tough knot, there must be a bamboo strip of sufficient strength for support to form the paper. It's like a gun. In the early days, it was basically all-metal structure (more than 90%). Now the ratio of metal parts on many guns is less than 50%. At the same time, if the high-stress parts such as the striker are still made of metal, you can Is it better to say that the gun is not as good as before?

23. How is the operation of the aircraft model aircraft realized?

A: The operation of the RC airplane is basically realized by the remote controller in the hand. The joystick and the lever on the remote controller are operated, and the corresponding operation signal is transmitted through the transmitter of the remote controller, and the receiver on the aircraft receives the corresponding signal. And then converted into instructions to pass to the corresponding steering action, so that the corresponding rudder surface moves as needed. The motion of the rudder surface affects the flow of the airflow and drives the aircraft to respond accordingly.

24. What is the function of the steering gear?

A: The steering gear can be understood as a precisely controlled motor, which is divided into an analog steering gear and a digital steering gear. Its function is to perform specific control changes to change the airflow. It is the actual action when we control the aircraft. Parts, like when the ship is sailing, when we need to change direction, we will operate the rudder, so that the water flow changes, and then the direction of the ship changes. Selecting the steering gear, the steering gear has the torque, the reaction speed, the dead weight, etc., which are mainly determined according to the demand of the aircraft on the rudder surface. Because the aircraft is in the motion of the flight, the rudder surface will be subjected to the wind and will be subjected to the pressure of the wind, so it is necessary to choose Different rudders can be used together, such as a 1.2m surfers foam machine with a total weight of less than 1.5KG and a balsa wood 50E RC airplane with a weight of more than 3KG. The steering gear used must not be the same. Generally speaking, 9 grams and 12 grams, all refer to their own weight, generally analog steering gear. Generally measure the power of the steering gear by torque, in ounces/inch or kg/cm. Torque indicates how much rotational force can be output from the shaft within the set distance. For example, a 1.6kg/cm steering gear can pull 1.6kg from a distance of 25px. The farther away from the shaft, the smaller the torque. For example, at 50px, only 0.8kg can be pulled. Another related measure is the servo speed, which indicates how fast the steering gear can rotate (eg, 60 degrees in tenths of a second).

25. Analog steering gear and digital steering gear?

A: There are no MCU microcontrollers in the electronic circuits of analog servos and digital proportional servos (or standard steering gears), which are generally called analog servos. The digital proportional steering gear is the best type of analog steering gear. The digital servo motor with MCU microcontroller is called the digital steering gear. The digital steering gear has a faster reaction speed than the analog steering gear. Small, high positioning accuracy and strong anti-interference ability. Generally, fixed-wing foam machines and other aircraft that require less precision response, such as surfers and Cessna 9-gram analog steering gears, are sufficient, and swashplates and locking rudders such as helicopters require high response speed and precision. Both need to use a better digital servo.

26. Compared with the digital servo, the analog servo is not as fast as the digital servo?

A: Regardless of the analog or digital servo, when the load torque is constant, the motor speed depends on the duty cycle of the drive signal and is independent of the frequency. The digital servo can receive higher frequency PWM external control signals, obtain position information after a shorter cycle time, and make the latest adjustments to the servo arm position. Therefore, the response speed of the digital steering gear is faster than that of the analog steering gear, instead of driving the motor faster than the analog steering gear.

27. Why does the rudder ring when the steering gear is energized?

Answer: The rudder machine always makes a round-trip positioning adjustment sound, because some servos have no hysteresis adjustment function, and the control dead zone range is adjusted small, as long as the input signal and feedback signal always fluctuate, their difference exceeds the control. In the dead zone, the steering gear sends a signal to drive the motor. There is no hysteresis adjustment function. If the mechanical precision of the steering gear set is poor, the tooth virtual position is large, and the rotation step of the feedback potentiometer is driven. The step range has exceeded the control dead zone range, and the steering gear will be adjusted continuously. Keep on.

28. Why is the price of the steering gear so different?

A: The basic structure of the steering gear is like this, but there are many kinds of implementations. For example, the motor has brush and brushless parts. The gear has plastic and metal. The output shaft has sliding and rolling. The housing has plastic and aluminum alloy. The speed is divided into *** and slow speed. The volume has three types of large, medium and small, etc. The combination is different and the price is very different. For example, the small steering gear is generally called the micro-rudder. Under the same material, the medium-sized one is more than double, and the metal gear is more than double the plastic gear. Need to choose different types according to your needs. There are three input lines of the steering gear, the middle of the red is the power line, and the other side is the ground wire. This root line provides the most basic energy guarantee for the steering gear, mainly the rotation consumption of the motor. There are two kinds of power supply specifications, one is 4.8V, the other is 6.0V, which corresponds to different torque standards, that is, the output torque is different, 6.0V corresponds to the larger, depending on the application conditions; the other line is the control signal line Futaba is generally white, and JR is generally orange. Also note that some models of SANWA's steering gear power cords are on the side rather than in the middle and need to be identified. But remember that red is the power source and black is the ground wire. Generally, it is not wrong.

29. Why do helicopters use a large chainring, and why should the large chainring be made of plastic?

Answer: Since the helicopter uses a high-speed motor with a high KV value, the torque of the shaft can be increased by reducing the rotational speed of the shaft after the large gear, and the gear ratio of the driven gear is the gear ratio. If the gear ratio is less than 1, the shaft speed is increased. Reducing the torque, greater than 1 is to reduce the shaft speed to increase the torsion, such as variable speed bicycle, when we change from the larger gear in the rear wheel to the pinion, the strength is increased or decreased, which is a reverse application. Use plastic material, one to protect the motor from secondary damage and the other to reduce weight.

30. The more metal on the helicopter, the better?:

A: The helicopters are not all metal parts, so they fly stably and fall. Because the helicopter structure is more complicated, a 450-class helicopter has hundreds of parts. These parts are combined into one aircraft. The advantage of metal is strong extension. Sexuality is good, but nowadays many are like carbon fiber. Nylon plastics surpass metal parts in some characteristics. Moreover, due to the good ductility of the metal parts, when the fried chicken appears, the metal parts will absorb part of the energy, resulting in subtle deformation, which makes the problem difficult to find, which is also more and more difficult for the bombed helicopter. One of the reasons for flying. So an all-metal airplane is not the best airplane, just like a car, a bumper and some bumpy locations don't use metal. The reason is the same.

31. What is the material of the main rotor of the helicopter?

A: The paddles of RC helicopters generally consist of three kinds of wood paddles, glass fiber and carbon fiber.

32. The choice of model battery?

A: The model airplane using electric motor, the choice of power battery needs to be purchased according to the size of the fuselage. It is difficult to buy large, large-capacity battery used in small body. Because the battery is too heavy, it will affect the efficiency of motor propulsion, and the air time Not long.

To give a classic example: in the early stage of China's missile development, the range did not reach the target. At this time, Academician Wang Yongzhi proposed to reduce the number of fueling to solve the problem. Everyone could not understand it. Later, with the support of Qian Xuesen, Dongfeng No. 2 changed. By reducing the fuel consumption by 600 kilograms, the range is up to standard.

33. What are the parameters of the model battery?

A: The RC battery, the general parameters are voltage, discharge rate, charging rate, capacity, internal resistance. Charged by conventional 3S 2200mAh 25C discharge 5C, 3S (S series) means that this is the battery with three batteries connected in series. The normal starting voltage of single cell is 3.7V, the full-cut voltage is 4.2V, and the battery is 11.1V. The fullness is 12.6 volts, the capacity is 2200 mAh, and the 25C discharge indicates that the RC battery can be discharged at a maximum current of 25*2200 mA = 55 A. 5C charging is 5*2200mA=11A maximum current charging. Commonly used brands: flower card, R & F, format, equator, Dapu.

From net 

www.vibrationmotor.net